56 Best Writing Websites of 2019 How to Achieve Writing Mastery

56 Best Writing Websites of 2019 How to Achieve Writing Mastery 56 Best Writing Websites of 2019 The Internet is brimming with composing sites and web journals to assist authors with arriving at their inventive objectives. In the event that you’ve been longing for composing your own book, yet don’t realize how to arrive - or if you’re done composition, yet feel uncertain about what to do straightaway - at that point it’s your day of reckoning, since we have placed the best composing sites of 2019 out of one single spot for your benefit. They’re additionally composed one after another in order and by classifications, to make them simpler to discover. Appreciate! Look at probably the best composing sites of 2019 here! Composing create and inspiration51. Goins, WriterAs a top of the line writer, Jeff Goins made this blog to share his musings and tips on composing and to rouse others to pursue their imaginative dreams.52. Jane FriedmanWith bottomless involvement with the distributing business and general business methodology, Jane Friedman offers online classes and articles on the procedure of book publishing.53. Janet Reid, Literary AgentAs a scholarly operator, Janet Reid offers her recommendation on errors and entanglements that all journalists ought to keep away from when querying.54. Nail Your NovelAs a top of the line professional writer who presently distributes under her own name,  Roz Morris gives composing exhortation and posts on independently publishing. On the off chance that you are keen on turning into a professional writer, she likewise offers seminars on the most proficient method to come to your goal.55. Nathan BransfordNathan Bransford is a previous scholarly operator who offers composing counsel and an assortment of posts on how distributing functions and data on specialists and independently publishing. He additionally does interviews, alters, and studies. In addition, he’s a Reedsy professional!56. Rachelle GardnerAs an abstract specialist, Rachelle Gardner has haggled more than 200 agreements with more than twenty distributers and gotten in excess of 100 creators to satisfy their fantasies about distributing. In her blog, she offers composing, distributing, and online networking training, alongside tips on composing and distributing. Answer all your composing inquiries with these sites from industry experts What are a portion of your preferred composing sites? Tell us in the remarks underneath!

Importance Of Set Design Theatre Essay

Significance Of Set Design Theater Essay Adolph Appia (envisioned left) 1862 1928, was a Swiss scholar, pioneer in current stage plan and is generally well known for his beautiful structures for Wagners dramas (Design for act I of Parsifal Pictured left). What put Appia beside other stage fashioners was his dismissal of painted two dimensional sets. He made three dimensional living sets, which he accepted made various shades of light which were vital as light was significant for on-screen characters to take part in the setting, reality. Rather than utilizing the traditional method of lighting from the floor, Appia lit the phase from above and the sides of the stage, in this manner making profundity and a three dimensional set. Light force and shading encouraged Appia to increase another point of view of scene structure and stage lighting. This assisted with setting the state of mind and make a valid stage set. Appia accepted that the explanation sets werent effective during his time, was a result of an absence of association between the chief and the set creator. He accepted that there ought to be an imaginative agreement particularly between these two individuals all together for his hypothesis to be fruitful. There are three center focuses which Appia uses to help characterize mise-en-scene: Dynamic and three dimensional developments by entertainers. Opposite landscape. Utilizing profundity and the even elements of the presentation space. Light, space and the entertainer are for the most part pliant products which should all be entwined to make a fruitful mise-en-scene. He utilized advances, stages and sections to make profundity and controlled light so as to make the set look genuine. Light was viewed as the essential component which connected together the various parts of the creation and Appia was one of the main fashioners to understand its latent capacity, more than to only enlighten entertainers and the painted setting behind. This was appeared in his organizing of Tristan und Isolde (1923). Notice the means, sections and inclines. Chiefs and originators of the current day have taken extraordinary motivation from Adolph Appias hypothesis. Maybe the fundamental explanation being the immense development in innovation, which was just barely rising in the late nineteenth century. Edward Gordon Craig (1872-1966) additionally like Adolph Appia was an English theater specialist. Not at all like Appia anyway he accepted entertainers had no more significance than dolls. Honorable men, the Marionette is a writing wherein Craig clarifies how the on-screen characters are only manikins on strings. He had an incredible enthusiasm for puppets guaranteeing they were the main genuine on-screen characters who have the spirit of a sensational artist, filling in as a valid and steadfast mediator with the excellencies of quiet and submission. (Innes, Christopher, (1998) Edward Gordon Craig: A Vision of Theater). He fabricated detailed and emblematic sets, for instance his set for the Moscow Art Theater creation of Hamlet (1909) comprised of versatile screens. Also, as Appia, he broke the stage floor with stages, steps and slopes. He supplanted the equal lines of canvas with an intricate arrangement of tall screens. Craig left a promising profession in acting so as to focus on coordinating and creating thoughts regarding the performance center of things to come, which was roused by Hubert von Herkomers picturesque trials with theater lighting and three dimensional landscape in creations at the Bushy Art School. Craigs thought of new complete performance center attracted on the creative mind to make a dream of shading congruity, visual straightforwardness and an air impact under the sole control of a solitary craftsman. Likewise motivated by his accomplice Isadora Duncan, an artist which enlivened him to investigate the idea of the rhythms and developments in nature going about as a vehicle for an enthusiastic and stylish experience. Craig was keen on electrical light, something new and just barely developing in his time. A case of this can be seen when he chipped away at Dido and Aeneas. Craig utilized a solitary shading back material with a dressing extended at an edge before it onto which ligh t of another shading was anticipated, an astoundingly three dimensional impact was accomplished (Innes, Christopher, 1998, Edward Gordon Craig: A Vision of Theater, P. 46). He seriously examined performance center of the past so as to make his new theater. He envisioned a theater which was a combination of verse, entertainer, shading and development intended to interest the feelings. As he advanced through his work, he followed his symbolist sees utilizing development to make disposition and in his examinations in 1906 talked of expelling components of sets or props and supplanting them with emblematic motions. For instance a man doing combating through a blizzard, Craig addressed whether the snow was fundamental. Would the entertainers developments be adequate to pass on what was going on? In 1900 after Craig had created himself as a set creator he chipped away at a creation of Dido and Aeneas which was earth shattering as a set for theater structure. Because of specific restrictions Craig had the option to split away from the intricate Victorian stage structures and trial with unique and less difficult plans. Craig himself accepted that what he was making was new theater and wouldnt be broadly acknowledged until the future and this was valid. During the 1950s Kenneth Tynan composed of how Craigs thoughts that he elucidated fifty years prior, in his short of breath graceful composition, are these days proving to be fruitful all over Europe. Craig has affected experts, for example, Constantin Stanislavsky, Meyerhold and Bertolt Brecht, and he likewise still effects numerous fashioners and specialists of the present day. Albeit both of these planners worked autonomously from one and other, they come to comparative end results. The two of them scrutinized reasonable theater, contending against the photographic generation as an essential capacity of scene structure. Appia didnt concur with Stanislavskys hypothesis of the fourth divider so he disposed of it and planned a venue building which turned into the primary venue in the advanced time without a proscenium curve. The two scholars accepted that the settings ought to recommend and not imitate the area. Both additionally broke the two dimensional view on sets by utilizing stages and various levels, structuring spaces that were handy and useful for entertainers. Additionally with the development in innovation, both exploited power which made it workable for the phase to be lit utilizing bulbs. This assists with creating as a craftsmanship and both utilized light as a significant piece of their visual components. Appias and Craigs structures center vig orously around focusing on contrasts among light and dim making intensely air sets. Appia and Craig shared a great deal of similar conclusions; anyway they were not in all out understanding. Appia Believed that the executive, combined showy components and the creator was an interpretive craftsman, breathing life into a creators work from page to, stage framing a practical situation for the on-screen characters. Craig accepted that performance center required an ace craftsman who might make the entirety of the creation components. His plans were as often as possible idea to be for a bigger scope than Appias. Appias plans typically required a set change for every area in the presentation, while Craig utilized the cutting edge unit utilizing one essential setting which can speak to different areas all through the development of its components with just the need of slight changes, for example, lighting, props and so forth. Both Appia and Craig have enormously affected the manner in which theater has developed. As innovation has progressed as well as at the way the executives, set architects and creation groups all in all are working. There is much more correspondence and conversation between the chiefs and the set planners vision into how a set should look. Likewise Sets in front of an audience are dominatingly three dimensional utilizing levels, inclines, steps and profundity. The utilization of light has maybe changed the most significantly moving from the floor to lighting rigs in the roof and at the edge of the stage. It is sheltered to state without the thoughts and hypotheses that the two had, theater may not be the place it is today.

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Ashleigh S. Rosette, Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Ashleigh S. Rosette, Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they select a program to attend, but the educational experience at business school is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  Ashleigh Shelby Rosette  from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. Among Poets and Quants’ “The Best 40 B-School Profs Under the Age of 40,” Ashleigh Shelby Rosette, an associate professor of management at Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business who teaches Negotiations and Leadership, Ethics, and Organizations, is known for challenging her students to think critically about how to become better leaders and business professionals. Rosette is a member of the PhD Project, a nonprofit organization promoting diversity among business school faculty, and her recent publications include such titles as  The White Standard: Racial Bias in Leadership Categorization;  Unearned Privilege: Race, Gender, and Social Inequality in U.S. Organizations;  and Agentic Women and Communal Leadership: How Role Prescriptions Confer Advantage to Top Women Leaders. One student praised her influence beyond the class setting: “Ashleigh is refreshing with respect to being a B-school educator, because she encourages deep reflective thought, conflict, and uncomfortable c onversationsâ€"things you need to be comfortable with in the real world. And while her teaching is unparalleled, it is her accessibility outside of the classroom that is most remarkable.” For more information about Duke Fuqua and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Professor Profiles

The Gap Between Rich And Poor Essay - 2102 Words

CEO of Mckinsey Social Initiative, Helene D. Gayle, once said The difference between rich and poor is becoming more extreme, and as income inequality widens the wealth gap in major nations, education, health and social mobility are all threatened. This difference between rich and poor referred to by Dr. Gayle is becoming more and more apparent in many cities across America. One way to analyze this divide between the upper/middle class and the lower class is by examining the use of public space. Mike Davis, the author of Fortress Los Angeles describes this divide as a war between the lower and upper classes. The city of Los Angeles is actively privatizing public spaces to keep out the homeless and poor populations, in order to promote the livability of the area for the upper classes and tourist populations. The use of public space and the activities done in such places sheds light on some pivotal themes in communities across cities in America. The most notable theme being, the level o f neglect for the poor population or the people/areas that do not attract tourist populations or help the city gain economic prosperity. Public space can be utilized to show the disparity in many downtown areas compared to its surrounding neighborhoods, and how accessible resources are for certain populations and groups within a city. A public space that I observed was the intersection of Griscom and Foulkrod streets in Frankford (A neighborhood located near Northeast Philadelphia). ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Gap Between Rich And Poor2458 Words   |  10 PagesThe focus of the research is on the gap between rich and poor in the United States. Especially in income inequality, how the shares are distributed among families and in what ways are the poor affected. Also, to show how the gap between the rich and poor alternated throughout the years. The gap between them is expected to increase resulting in serious threat. This is because the poor are dealing with weak health, negative energy, unwilling to work and a higher proportion of bad behavior sinceRead MoreThe Gap Between Rich And Poor1262 Words   |  6 PagesDown Easy and Up Hard Continuously, both poor and rich people will always exist. Rich people are mostly born from wealthy families. The more they work, the richer they get. Furthermore, the less rich people work, it can be a source of downfall to their economic stability. As for poor people, it can be a tough situation for them to acquire a higher professional position. In regards people, they need to work extremely hard to get to the middle class and then perhaps to a higher class. It is saidRead MoreThe Gap Between The Poor And The Rich849 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article named â€Å"wealth† written in 1889,the author, Andrew Carnegie stated his opinion on the widening gap between the poor and the rich. In the late 19th century, the conflict between different social classes is getting worsen. â€Å"The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship. † 1. People consider th is difference as unfair and should be criticised. However, Mr Carnegie believeRead MoreThe Gap Between The Rich And The Poor900 Words   |  4 Pages cite the gap between the rich and the poor as a very big problem. And notably, it is the leading economic concern in the eyes of people in major economies such as China and Germany, at 42 and 39 percent, respectively, according to the new Pew Research survey. A global median of 29 percent say their government’s actions are to blame for inequality, making it the leading cause cited. People in advanced economies, in particular, believe that their governments are responsible for the rich getting richerRead MoreThe Gap Between The Rich And The Poor1575 Words   |  7 Pagesis an issue not foreign to the American people. The gap between the rich and the poor has irrefutably increased over the past five decades and continues to grow to massive extents. It is not the presence of this imbalance that is in question, but rather whether or not this imbalance hinders the average, working American’s chance at upward mobility. This is a prevalent topic among society today because the wealth gap between the rich and the poor could essentially have detrimental effects on our economyRead MoreThe Gap Between The Rich And Poor Essay1839 Words   |  8 PagesI was born and brought up in Nairobi, Kenya. Demographically, my family was typically part of Kenya’s urban poor. As a young boy, I was constantly confronted by the realities and debilitating impact of poverty. At the age of twelve, I was transferred from a Nairobi-based primary school to a boarding primary school in rural Kenya where I eventually excelled and emerged the best in the district during national examinations, earning me admission to one of the best high schools in the country. WhileRead MoreThe Gap Between Rich And Poor1760 Words   |  8 Pages Advancement in technology has contributed to increase and develop Globalization around the world. It cannot be denied that this process is helping to make the life style of some people better. However, the gap between rich and poor keeps widening. This essay’s goal is to explore and try to understand how positive/negative Globalization is. We will discuss the benefits provided by technology to the whole world. But as well, how this benefits can have a boomerang effect. We will try to identifyRead MoreRising Gap Between Rich And Poor1714 Words   |  7 Pagesstatus compared to rich people, to workers not receiving the same rights, it generates a negative outcome in most scenarios. There are many people living in the world who are classified under two categories; the ones who are wealthy and are able to afford more than enough of their needs and plenty more of their wants, and the ones who are just about surviving with their basic human necessities. There are numerous factors which are a cause of rising gap between the rich and the poor, major issues beingRead MoreThe Society Gap Between Rich And Poor912 Words   |  4 Pages The society gap between rich and poor keeps growing year after year, the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. As Trump once said â€Å"My dad gave me a small loan for a million dollars†, that’s a small amount compared to what the poor minds think. When the poor think of a million dollars we think a future filled with great things. The rich think of it as pocket change, they will waste it on stupid, useless things. Mis-education, lack of diversity, and the gap between rich and poor are very commonRead MoreEducation Gap Between Rich And Poor929 Words   |  4 PagesIt is believed that the gap between the rich and the poor is getting better as time goes on but in fact the gap, specifically in education, is getting worse. Education Gap Between Rich and Poor Is Growing Wider is an article written by New York Times jo urnalist Eduardo Porter and the article explains how the gap between the rich and poor is deteriorating the futures of many kids. Porter talks about how race is no longer the main cause of division amongst people, social class is. This article explains

Brave New World Questions for Study and Discussion

Brave New World is one of the most controversial and best-known works by Aldous Huxley, an English writer/philosopher who authored more than 50 books. In this dystopian novel first published in 1932, Huxley foretold many technological advances—including test-tube babies, immersive entertainment systems, and sleep-learning. The World State in which the novel takes place has been engineered by its leaders to be devoid of strong emotions, passion, and longterm personal relationships.  Here, children are manufactured, not born. Once created, they are conditioned, intellectually and physically, to mature into adults who will satisfy the strictures of predetermined caste roles. The novel has been listed as one of the top English-language books of the 20th century. Its often read in English classes and is a popular choice in book clubs. Some view it as a cautionary tale, while others see it as satire. Here are a few questions for study and discussion. Brave New World Study and Discussion Questions What is the importance of the title?Why is the society in Brave New World considered  dystopian rather than utopian? Do you agree? Would you want to live in the World State? Why or Why not?How do you think the culture in Huxleys World State compares  to our current culture? Why did John find the World State to be an empty society?  What are the main conflicts in the novel? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) did you take note of?Does Aldous Huxley reveal his own character in his writing?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in Brave New World? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Bernard consistent in his actions? Who is he? How does he relate with others? What is his position in society? Is he a fully developed character? How? Why?Compare/contrast Bernard with John (the Savage).How does the Reservation compare with Bernards society?How do you feel about the use of the drug soma in the novel? Would you take soma if it were available?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters people you would want to meet?Does the story end the way you expected it would? What led you to this conclusion?What is the central or primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How essential is setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?Why has the book been controversial?Is Brave New World believable? Do you think its main events could really take place?What is the role of women in the text? How are mothers represented? What about single/independent women?Do you think Brave New World exhibits feminist ideas?Do you think the World Society has actually achieved the racial and gender equality it claims to have? Why or why not?What do you think of the roles of freemartins in the World State? Are they an oppressed group?Would you recommend this novel to a friend?

The Health Insurance Portability And Administration Act (...

The Health Insurance Portability and Administration Act (HIPAA) is legislation that was signed into law by former president Bill Clinton on 21 Aug, 1996. This legislation was introduced 18 Mar. 1996 by Bill Archer, TX (R) (Health Insurance). The purpose of this legislation was aimed at improving the portability and continual health care insurance coverage of American citizens and reduce the overall waste in medical spending. Not only did it provide the ability to keep ones’ health insurance it also provided protection of patient’s personal health information (PHI), but also provided provisions to simplify billing, expedite the migration to electronic medical records (EMR), and processes for individuals to make complaints and that the complaints be documented along with their disposition (Columbiana County). The HIPAA privacy rules, and its provisions, can be specifically located within 45 CFR 164, Under the provisions of HIPAA, specific information, known as PHI is pro tected from the unauthorized disclosure of any demographic information that relates to: †¢ the individual’s past, present or future physical or mental health or condition †¢ the provision of health care to the individual, or †¢ the past, present, or future payment for the provision of health care to the individual, and †¢ that identifies the individual or for which there is a reasonable basis to believe it can be used to identify the individual. Individually identifiable health information includes identifiersShow MoreRelatedThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 19961022 Words   |  5 Pagessectors of health care, managed care arrangements, integrated service networks, or community agencies. To be an effective manager, it is important to understand the legal and ethical principles that are included in this environment and the legal relationship between consumer and the organization. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, also known as HIPAA, was created to prevent the unauthorized release of patient information. The Office for Civil Rights enforces the HIPAA PrivacyRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1438 Words   |  6 Pagestype of power you can bet that the country would be corrupt. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act is there to prevent such events happening. HIPAA, or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, was implemented to help serve the people and keep information safe. Originally it started out as a way to ensure that Americans going between jobs would still be covered by their insurance companies. Since then the act has came a long way in protecting the American citizens. It preventedRead MoreEssay On Public Need For Health Care1023 Words   |  5 Pages Public Need for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act was signed into a federal law in 1996. During the early 1990’s there was a public need to alter the way that medical records were discussed between insurance, doctors and patients. Prior to the advancement of computers into the medical world, the industry was mainly paper records that were written and stored in file rooms. Only people who were authorized could get toRead MoreWhat Is The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act860 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA is the acronym for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act that was passed by Congress in 1996, Federal law that restricts access to individuals private medical information: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 was enacted by the United States Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996. . HIPAA does the following: Provides the ability to transfer and continue health insurance coverageRead MoreSEC440 Week 7 Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Compliance By Christopher Knight SEC 440 16 Oct 2014 TO: Company Chief Security Officer FROM: Security Engineer DATE: 16 Oct 14 SUBJECT: HIPAA Security Compliance for Alba, IA Hospital Any patient that is seen by a physician within the United States is to be protected by the â€Å"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act† or HIPAA, which was passed into law in 1996 (Jani, 2009). All health care facilities dealing withRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1609 Words   |  7 PagesIt has always been the job of health care providers to maintain doctor-patient confidentiality. Not only is it a legal obligation it is also an ethical obligation to many doctors, nurses, physician’s assistants and many other medical staff. Until recently medical records were primarily recorded on paper and stored in cabinets and locked in what was believed as a secure room. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act also known as HIPAA, was passed on August 21, 1996. Although the lawRead MoreAnalyzing The Past, Present And Future Of The Congressional Attempt At The Health Care Reform1704 Words   |  7 Pagescongressional attempt at the health care reform. Originally presented to congress was the Health Security Act in 1993, which was not enacted until June 2014. The Health Security Act started the foundation for patient privacy and the security of an individual’s health information. As the years passed the Health Security Act became quickly outdated and needed to be updated to complement the sudden progression of current technology advances. Congress was presented the Kennedy-Kassebaum Act, which defined patientRead MoreEmerging Healthcare Technology Presentation1353 Words   |  6 PagesEmerging Healthcare Technology Presentation HIPAA: Protecting the Privacy of Patients How important is it for you to keep your medical records private? Many people dont realize how easily accessible their medical records are, or perhaps it is just assumed that what goes on between a doctor and a patient stays between a doctor and a patient. Well, you know what they say about assuming. In actuality, your medical records can probably be accessed by any employee at your Read More The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)882 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, most commonly known by its initials HIPAA, was enacted by Congress then signed by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996. This act was put into place in order to regulate the privacy of patient health information, and as an effort to lower the cost of health care, shape the many pieces of our complicated healthcare system. This act also protects individuals from losing their healthRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability Act of 1996 (Hippa): Is It Best for Us of Not?1073 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the Health Insurance Portability Act of 1996. Confidentiality is a huge issue to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (Hippa) mainly due to protection of the clients. The act sets standards for the storage and privacy of personal medical data. The rule was enacted on August 21, 1996 by the 104th United States Congress and was signed by Bill Clinton. It was introduced in the house by Bill Archer on March 18, 1996. Health Insurance portability and Accountability Act of 1996 helps

Bradford Assay free essay sample

Bradford Protein Assay Practical Report 1. Present your data (including raw data and calculated concentrations) for the protein standards in the form of a clear table. Give one example of how you calculated protein concentration. Do not forget a descriptive title and units (4marks) Title either too long or not descriptive or absent Your results are in duplicate shouldn’t be referred to as ‘set1 set2’ or ‘original’ and ‘duplicate’ Many of you think units of absorbance are nm but A has arbitrary (ie no) units. nm indicates the ax of the chromophore Failure to give correct units in legends eg (ml) or (? g/ml) 2. Plot a graph of absorbance against protein concentration by hand. The graph should have an appropriate title and clearly labelled axes. Staple graph to the completed proforma and the Life Sciences submission sheet (4 marks) Mainly ok but both duplicate Abs- blank should be plotted and one line of best fit drawn through points. Do not extrapolate beyond the highest standard, you have no evidence that Beer-Lambert’s Law applies at high A. Make sure you choose appropriate scale and use full scale deflection on A4 graph paper. These types of graph are standard curves and that term should be in the title, remember we are not directly measuring the absorbance of protein, but a chromophore derived from the protein. 3. Present your data for unknown samples (including raw data and calculated concentrations of X Y) in the form of a clear table. Do not forget title and units. (4 marks) All data should be in one table but pay attention to typesetting and make sure that words/numbers are not split between 2 lines, this will lose marks. Absorbance of blank must be subtracted from values for unknown as they also contain non-specific absorbance. Many of you wrote dilutions incorrectly eg 1:2. The symbol : means ratio ? this actually means 1in 3. Either write as 1in 2 or 1:1 Never average absorbance-it’s not good practise (except for blank) you should convert to analyte then average your final results. Most dilute samples have least absorbance, many of you muddled your dilutions making final values incorrect. Always double-check arithmetic. If the final answer for the different dilutions don’t agree, look at your results and ask yourself if they seem right. Remember there is only one right answer for each unknown . Explain briefly each step of your calculations to find the protein concentration of X and Y, underlining your final answers. Convert to mg/ml. (6 marks) No need to explain how to read values from the std curve. Explain which absorbance values you read from the graph, what (if any) dilution factor you multiplied that value by, and then which answers you then averaged to get your final answers and why you ignored any data (eg poor duplicates or off scale cf standard- you cannot extrapolate beyond your std curve ) Some of you not using the proforma wrote too much. You will be penalised for exceeding allocated space in assignments, so be mindful of this 5. What is the chromophore measured in the Bradford assay? (2 marks) Many of you defined the term chromophore rather than describing the Bradford chromophore which is CBB + protein. (not CBB alone! ) The ? max at 595nm is formed when the dye binds to protein 6. What is the purpose of the blank? Why is it necessary to subtract the absorbance of the blank from all other results? (2 marks) The blank gives us the value for non-specific absorbance ; as we are interested in the specific (in this case protein) absorbance, we must subtract the blank absorbance from all other abs. values. Many of you didn’t subtract the blank from the unknown’s but as they are also mixtures of protein, NaCl and reagents measured in cuvettes, they also contain non-specific absorbance so you must subtract the blank. Many of you said the blank is used to zero the spectrophotometer (which it can be ) but we didn’t do that; we zeroed on water or NaCl then subtracted the blank mathematically. The blank you had to deduct was to remove the combined absorbances of water, NaCl and most importantly the dye in the uncomplexed state 7. The Biuret and Folin-Lowry are two other commonly used colourimetric protein assays. UV absorption can also be used to determine protein concentration. Describe the basis of these methods and compare them with the Bradford assay in terms of ease, sensitivity, range and interferences. (8 marks) You need to describe the biochemical basis(not the actual method) of the Biuret, Lowry and Bradford assays. The Lowry is a modification of the Biuret to improve it’s sensitivity so it’s appropriate to describe the Biuret method first , then describe the Lowry modification You need to state the range (the lowest- highest concentration they can detect) sensitivity(the lowest amount they can detect) for each assay. Some of you confused sensitivity with interference ie substances which, if present will give incorrect results. You need to state how reliable they are -whether they are prone to interferences. You could mention cost of reagents, ease of procedure Many of you placed too much emphasis on the ? ax of the different chromophores described but this is not really relevant. You need to state the wavelength at which proteins absorb UV radiation and which moieties in proteins absorb in the UV. ie at 280nm(near UV) it’s the aromatic amino acids, some of you also mention A200nm(far UV) at which peptide bonds absorb, although this is of little practical use. Note any inte rferences- remember many things absorb UV radiation Advantages of using UV- it’s non destructive so you can recover your sample for further investigation. Formula which relates UV absorption to protein concentration